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28 Μαρτίου 2024, 17:44:52

Αποστολέας Θέμα: Αξονική χαμηλής δόσης ή ακτινογραφία στο screening για καρκίνο του πνεύμονα;  (Αναγνώστηκε 54673 φορές)

0 μέλη και 1 επισκέπτης διαβάζουν αυτό το θέμα.

23 Μαΐου 2013, 08:40:49
Αναγνώστηκε 54673 φορές
Αποσυνδεδεμένος

Δ. Κουναλάκης

Administrator
Results of Initial Low-Dose Computed Tomographic Screening for Lung Cancer
The National Lung Screening Trial Research Team

N Engl J Med 2013; 368:1980-1991May 23, 2013DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1209120

Background: Lung cancer is the largest contributor to mortality from cancer. The National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) showed that screening with low-dose helical computed tomography (CT) rather than with chest radiography reduced mortality from lung cancer. We describe the screening, diagnosis, and limited treatment results from the initial round of screening in the NLST to inform and improve lung-cancer–screening programs.

Methods:  At 33 U.S. centers, from August 2002 through April 2004, we enrolled asymptomatic participants, 55 to 74 years of age, with a history of at least 30 pack-years of smoking. The participants were randomly assigned to undergo annual screening, with the use of either low-dose CT or chest radiography, for 3 years. Nodules or other suspicious findings were classified as positive results. This article reports findings from the initial screening examination.

Results:  A total of 53,439 eligible participants were randomly assigned to a study group (26,715 to low-dose CT and 26,724 to chest radiography); 26,309 participants (98.5%) and 26,035 (97.4%), respectively, underwent screening. A total of 7191 participants (27.3%) in the low-dose CT group and 2387 (9.2%) in the radiography group had a positive screening result; in the respective groups, 6369 participants (90.4%) and 2176 (92.7%) had at least one follow-up diagnostic procedure, including imaging in 5717 (81.1%) and 2010 (85.6%) and surgery in 297 (4.2%) and 121 (5.2%). Lung cancer was diagnosed in 292 participants (1.1%) in the low-dose CT group versus 190 (0.7%) in the radiography group (stage 1 in 158 vs. 70 participants and stage IIB to IV in 120 vs. 112). Sensitivity and specificity were 93.8% and 73.4% for low-dose CT and 73.5% and 91.3% for chest radiography, respectively.

Conclusions: The NLST initial screening results are consistent with the existing literature on screening by means of low-dose CT and chest radiography, suggesting that a reduction in mortality from lung cancer is achievable at U.S. screening centers that have staff experienced in chest CT. (Funded by the National Cancer Institute; NLST ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00047385.)

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« Τελευταία τροποποίηση: 3 Νοεμβρίου 2023, 23:41:24 από Argirios Argiriou »
Eίπες ότι μια μέρα θα φύγεις, μην τολμήσεις, είσαι χαζός;
όταν έχεις τέτοιους αυλικούς και τέτοια καρέκλα, τι απερισκεψία!
Ένα ξεροκόμματο κάθε πιστός να μασουλάει, "Ναι αρχηγέ" θα λέει συνεχώς
τιμωρία αμείλικτη σ' όποιον τολμά να σ΄αμφισβητεί έργα και πρόσωπα, τι ύβρης!
Ω αρχηγέ, είσαι ο μοναδικός, και τη ζωή μας χρωστάμε σε σένα οι φτωχοί!
Από μετάφραση αραβικού κειμένου

23 Μαΐου 2013, 08:45:01
Απάντηση #1
Αποσυνδεδεμένος

Δ. Κουναλάκης

Administrator
    Lung cancer is the largest single cause of deaths from cancer in the world1-3 and is expected to account for more than 160,000 deaths in the United States during 2013.4 Most patients with lung cancer have smoked cigarettes.5 Of 94 million U.S. smokers, half are former smokers whose risk remains elevated decades after cessation.6

    In the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) of screening for lung cancer in older persons who were heavy smokers,7 mortality from lung cancer was lower with the use of 3 years of annual screening with low-dose helical computed tomography (CT) than with the use of chest radiography.8 In addition, the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO)9 showed that among approximately 30,000 participants with baseline characteristics that were similar to those of the NLST participants, mortality from lung cancer did not differ significantly between participants undergoing screening by means of chest radiography and those receiving usual care,10 confirming the results of previous randomized trials of screening with the use of chest radiography.11-13

    The NLST, a joint effort of the Lung Screening Study (LSS) and the American College of Radiology Imaging Network (ACRIN), both funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), began randomly assigning participants in August 2002 to annual screening for 3 years with the use of either low-dose CT or chest radiography. Details of the study design7 and the rationale for choosing chest radiography as the control procedure14 have been published previously. A better understanding of the screening process, including the frequency and management of positive screening results, can inform the implementation of lung-cancer screening programs as well as efforts to improve them. Here, we describe the screening, diagnosis, and limited treatment results from the initial round of screening in the NLST.

    Methods
    Study Participants and Study Conduct
    At 33 screening centers, we recruited asymptomatic men and women, 55 to 74 years of age, who had a history of at least 30 pack-years of cigarette smoking and who were either current smokers or had been smokers within the previous 15 years. Participants were randomly assigned to undergo annual screening for 3 years with the use of either low-dose CT or chest radiography. The study was approved by the institutional review board at each study center, and all participants provided written informed consent before undergoing randomization. Details of recruitment and randomization methods have been published previously.7
    Screening Equipment and Procedures

    Low-dose CT was performed on multidetector helical CT scanners of four or more channels. Single-view posteroanterior chest radiographs were obtained with the use of conventional film or digital radiographic systems. Technical standards and acquisition variables for both low-dose CT and chest radiographic screening have been published previously.7,15-17
    Image Interpretation

    Results were recorded on forms developed for the study. The screening image was classified as diagnostic, limited but diagnostic, or nondiagnostic, with the reasons documented.

    For low-dose CT, all noncalcified nodules with long-axis diameters of 4 mm or greater in the axial plane were considered to be positive for potential lung cancer. For all positive nodules, the anatomical location (lobe), longest axial, perpendicular diameters, margin characteristics, attenuation, and representative slice number were recorded.

    For chest radiography, the results were read on original film or digital image. All noncalcified nodules and masses were considered to be potentially positive for lung cancer, and for all positive nodules, the anatomical location, longest perpendicular diameters, and margin characteristics were recorded.

    The interpreting radiologist judged whether the screening results were positive on the basis of findings such as noncalcified hilar or mediastinal adenopathy, atelectasis, and pleural disease. Available historical images were reviewed, and all results and recommendations were recorded. Screening results were classified as positive, negative with clinically significant abnormalities, negative with minor abnormalities, or negative with no abnormality. Participants without diagnostic results were considered to be unscreened. Although the NLST had guidelines for the follow-up of positive screening results, radiologists could make diagnostic recommendations as they saw fit. Screening results were reported to the participant and the participant's designated health care provider, by mail, within 4 weeks.
    Follow-up of Study Participants

    All participants were mailed annual questionnaires (for the LSS participants) or semiannual questionnaires (for the ACRIN participants) ascertaining vital status and interim cancer diagnoses. Among participants with positive screening results or with a diagnosis of lung cancer, all related diagnostic procedures, complications (not reported here), and results were abstracted by certified medical-record abstractors.

    For cases of diagnosed lung cancer, the histologic type and grade, tumor stage,18 and initial treatment were documented. To augment the ascertainment of deaths from questionnaires, the National Death Index was also searched through December 31, 2007. Determination of the cause of death led to the discovery of some previously unreported cases of lung cancer, which were also abstracted.

    Here, we describe the results of the first round of screening and diagnostic evaluations that were initiated on the basis of positive findings at the screening visit, as well as all cancers diagnosed and treatments initiated at any time after randomization until the second screening, if applicable, or until 1 year after the first screening. A diagnostic evaluation consisted of a series of diagnostic procedures with no more than 12 months between consecutive procedures, including the first screening.
    Statistical Analysis

    We compared the two screening groups with respect to adherence of the participants to the testing protocol, image quality, types of diagnostic procedures, and results (positive or negative screening result, ultimate diagnosis, and initial treatment information). The results were stratified according to group and, in some cases, age, sex, race, educational level, and smoking history. All tabulations were performed with the use of SAS/STAT software, version 9.1 of the SAS System for Unix or version 9.2 for PC (SAS Institute).

    Each screening result was judged to be positive or negative, and a strict algorithm was used to ascertain whether lung cancer was present at the time of screening (see details in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org). Confidence intervals were calculated by means of bootstrapping.19
    Results
    Recruitment and Randomization

    From August 2002 through April 2004, a total of 53,454 participants were enrolled at 33 sites across the United States; 26,722 were randomly assigned to low-dose CT and 26,732 to chest radiography. Figure 1Figure 1Enrollment and Follow-up of the Study Participants after the Initial Screening. shows the follow-up of participants during the trial.20 A total of 8 participants had lung cancer and 7 died before the first scheduled screening. Of the remaining 53,439 participants, 26,715 were in the low-dose CT group and 26,724 were in the radiography group.
    Screening

    The first scheduled screening examination was performed in 98.0% of the participants (52,344 of 53,439) — specifically, in 98.5% of the participants in the low-dose CT group (26,309 of 26,715) and in 97.4% of those in the chest radiography group (26,035 of 26,724) (Table 1Table 1Baseline Characteristics of the Study Participants, According to Study Group.). Compliance did not differ significantly according to sex, age, race or ethnic group, smoking status, or educational level (Table 1, and Table 1 in the Supplementary Appendix). Four participants undergoing low-dose CT and 13 participants undergoing chest radiography had nondiagnostic results, none of whom received a diagnosis of lung cancer during the follow-up period. The proportion of participants with positive screening results was higher in the low-dose CT group (7191 of 26,309 participants [27.3%]) than in the radiography group (2387 of 26,035 [9.2%]). Rates of positivity increased slightly with older age and a larger number of pack-years of smoking in both screening groups.

    The proportion of all screened participants who had negative screening results but potentially clinically significant, noncancerous abnormalities was higher in the low-dose CT group (2695 of 26,309 [10.2%]) than in the radiography group (785 of 26,035 [3.0%]).
    Screening Accuracy

    During the baseline follow-up period, lung cancer was diagnosed in 292 of the 26,309 participants (1.1%) who underwent low-dose CT screening versus 190 of the 26,035 participants (0.7%) who underwent radiographic screening (Figure 1); 2 cases of lung cancer in each group were first reported in the National Death Index. In the low-dose CT group, 270 (92.5%) of the participants with lung cancer had a positive screening result (a true positive result), 18 (6.2%) had a negative screening result (a false negative result), and 4 (1.4%) missed the screening visit. In the radiography group, 136 (71.6%) of the participants with lung cancer had a positive screening result (a true positive result), 49 (25.8%) had a negative screening result (a false negative result), and 5 (2.6%) missed the screening visit. The sensitivity and specificity were 93.8% (270 of 288; 95% confidence interval [CI], 90.6 to 96.3) and 73.4% (19,043 of 25,954; 95% CI, 72.8 to 73.9), respectively, for low-dose CT and 73.5% (136 of 185; 95% CI, 67.2 to 79.8) and 91.3% (23,547 of 25,790; 95% CI, 91.0 to 91.6), respectively, for chest radiography.

    In the low-dose CT group, the positive predictive value for any positive finding that led to a biopsy procedure was 52.9% (265 of 501; 95% CI, 48.4 to 57.4), but the positive predictive value for positive screening results overall was only 3.8% (270 of 7181; 95% CI, 3.3 to 4.2) (Table 2Table 2Frequency and Positive Predictive Value of Positive Screening Results, According to Study Group.). The positive predictive value for pulmonary nodules 4 mm or more in the longest diameter was 3.8% (267 of 7010; 95% CI, 3.4 to 4.3); the value increased from 0.5% to 41.3% as the diameter of the nodule increased from 4 to 6 mm to more than 30 mm. The positive predictive value for noncalcified hilar or mediastinal adenopathy was 18.5% (51 of 276; 95% CI, 14.1 to 23.4). Overall, with low-dose CT, the negative predictive value was 99.9% (19,043 of 19,061; 95% CI, 99.86 to 99.94).

    In the radiography group, the positive predictive value was 70.2% (132 of 188; 95% CI, 64.0 to 76.8) for a positive screening result that led to a biopsy procedure but only 5.7% (136 of 2379; 95% CI, 4.8 to 6.6) for positive screening results overall (Table 2). The positive predictive value for pulmonary nodules was 5.8% (123 of 2105; 95% CI, 4.9 to 6.9); the value increased from 1.0% to 39.3% as the diameter of the nodule increased from 4 to 6 mm to more than 30 mm. The positive predictive value for noncalcified hilar or mediastinal adenopathy was 9.3% (8 of 86; 95% CI, 3.8 to 15.8). Overall the negative predictive value was 99.8% (23,547 of 23,596; 95% CI, 99.7 to 99.8).

    The positive predictive values for atelectasis and consolidation could not be reliably estimated because, unlike pulmonary nodules 4 mm or greater in the longest diameter, these findings were not always considered to be positive and, even when reported on a positive screening result, they often coexisted with pulmonary nodules and so may not have determined a positive screening test.
    Diagnostic Follow-up Procedures

    Of the 9578 participants with positive screening results, 9397 (98.1%) had completely documented diagnostic follow-up. At least one diagnostic procedure was performed in 6369 of 7049 participants (90.4%) in the low-dose CT group and in 2176 of 2438 participants (92.7%) in the radiography group (Table 3Table 3Diagnostic Follow-up of Positive Screening Results among the 9397 Patients with Data, According to Study Group and Lung-Cancer Status.). A total of 5717 participants (81.1%) and 2010 (85.6%) participants in the two groups, respectively, underwent at least one follow-up imaging procedure, with chest CT performed in 5153 (73.1%) and 1546 (65.8%) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose–positron-emission tomography (FDG-PET) performed in 728 (10.3%) and 179 (7.6%); 155 (2.2%) and 83 (3.5%) underwent at least one percutaneous cytologic or biopsy procedure; 306 (4.3%) and 107 (4.6%) underwent at least one bronchoscopy (with or without transbronchial biopsy); and 297 (4.2%) and 121 (5.2%) underwent at least one diagnostic surgical procedure. In the low-dose CT group, thoracoscopy was performed in 44 participants with true positive results and in 38 participants with false positive results. In the radiography group, thoracoscopy was performed in 14 participants and 8 participants with true positive results and false positive results, respectively.

    Because some of the imaging procedures were performed more than once in the same participant, a comparison of the total numbers of procedures in the two groups may best reflect the diagnostic burden. In the low-dose CT group, a total of 10,313 imaging procedures were performed, including 7288 chest CT examinations, as compared with 3657 imaging procedures in the radiography group, including 2158 chest CT examinations.

    Procedure records were collected routinely only for participants with a positive screening result. However, participants with a negative screening result may also have undergone diagnostic procedures prompted by the screening result; thus, the data shown in Table 3 underrepresent the total number of procedures prompted by the screening examination.
    Stage, Histologic Features, and Treatment of Lung Cancer

    There were 292 cases of diagnosed lung cancer in the low-dose CT group and 190 in the radiography group, with the difference nearly completely accounted for by the higher incidence of stage IA cancer in the low-dose CT group (132 cases, vs. 46 in the radiography group). Table 4Table 4Stage and Histologic Features of Lung Cancers, According to Study Group and Screening Result. shows the characteristics of the diagnosed lung cancers. There was no significant difference in the total number of lung cancers in stages IIB through IV between the low-dose CT group and the radiography group (120 vs. 112). There were many more bronchioloalveolar carcinomas and adenocarcinomas in the low-dose CT group than in the radiography group (38 vs. 8 and 123 vs. 71, respectively), but the frequencies of other histologic features were similar in the two groups. More patients with lung cancer were treated with some combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy in the low-dose CT group than in the radiography group (277 vs. 181), but stage IA cancers that were treated only with surgery accounted for most of the difference (117 such cancers in the low-dose CT group vs. 40 in the radiography group) (Table 2 in the Supplementary Appendix). Only 10 patients in the low-dose CT group and 6 patients in the radiography group received no treatment at all. However, for each cancer stage, the relative frequencies of treatment types did not differ significantly between the two screening groups (Table 1 in the Supplementary Appendix).
Eίπες ότι μια μέρα θα φύγεις, μην τολμήσεις, είσαι χαζός;
όταν έχεις τέτοιους αυλικούς και τέτοια καρέκλα, τι απερισκεψία!
Ένα ξεροκόμματο κάθε πιστός να μασουλάει, "Ναι αρχηγέ" θα λέει συνεχώς
τιμωρία αμείλικτη σ' όποιον τολμά να σ΄αμφισβητεί έργα και πρόσωπα, τι ύβρης!
Ω αρχηγέ, είσαι ο μοναδικός, και τη ζωή μας χρωστάμε σε σένα οι φτωχοί!
Από μετάφραση αραβικού κειμένου

23 Μαΐου 2013, 08:45:22
Απάντηση #2
Αποσυνδεδεμένος

Δ. Κουναλάκης

Administrator
    Discussion

    We report the prevalence of abnormalities in the NLST population at the onset of screening.8 As expected, more positive screening results, more diagnostic procedures, more biopsies and other invasive procedures, and more lung cancers were seen in the low-dose CT group than in the radiography group during the first screening round. In addition, more early-stage lung cancers, but similar numbers of late-stage cancers, were diagnosed in the low-dose CT group.

    Our findings for screening with the use of low-dose CT are similar to those in previous large studies of low-dose CT screening (Early Lung Cancer Action Project [ELCAP],22 International Early Lung Cancer Action Program [I-ELCAP],23 Mayo,24 Milano,25 Lung Screening Study Feasibility Phase,26 Pittsburgh,27 and NELSON [Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN63545820]28). The ages and smoking histories of our participants were similar to those of participants in most of these studies. In addition, the sensitivity (93.8%), specificity (73.4%), rate of positive screening results (27.3%), and positive predictive value (3.8%) of low-dose CT were in the midrange of the corresponding values in the previous studies, as was the proportion of participants who underwent biopsy (1.9%).

    Two additional findings suggest that screening by means of low-dose CT was well implemented in our study. The compliance rate of 98.5% was much higher than the 85% rate that was assumed for each screening round in our sample-size calculation, and only four of the low-dose CT scans were judged to be nondiagnostic.

    The high rate of positive screening results (and the low positive predictive value) with low-dose CT resulted in the performance of many diagnostic procedures. Nonetheless, the number of follow-up chest CT scans per positive screening result in the low-dose CT group was modest — approximately 1 scan per positive screening result (i.e., 7288 CT scans performed per 7049 participants with a positive result of low-dose CT scanning). A recent cost-effectiveness analysis of lung-cancer screening29 assumed, for the baseline case, that nodules 4 to 8 mm (presumably in the longest diameter) would be evaluated by means of serial CT at 3, 6, and 9 months, on the basis of the protocol for the Mayo study,30 which started in 1999. Subsequent reports have recommended less frequent follow-up CT, as reflected in our trial, which should improve the cost-effectiveness of the procedure in the face of its high rate of positive results.

    Some of our findings with respect to the initial low-dose CT screening are not fully consistent with those reported previously. The prevalence of lung cancer (1.1%) is at the low end of the reported range in prior large studies of participants with similar smoking histories (1.0 to 2.8%) but is close to the rate of 1.0% in the NELSON trial, the most recent study that is comparable to ours. This low rate may be due to some combination of the following factors: the healthy-volunteer effect (volunteers in trials are healthier than the general population), a younger population in our study than in the most recent studies, the high proportion of former smokers in our study, and the limitations of lung-cancer prediction estimates that are based on pack-years.31 The proportion of all lung cancers classified as stage I (55%) was also low relative to the range reported in other studies (54 to 85%), but this may be partly due to exclusion of small-cell cancer in the other studies and the more frequent use of PET-CT to ascertain the cancer stage in our study. Adenocarcinoma was the most common histologic finding in both our study and previous studies. Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma occurred about twice as frequently in our study (with a rate of 13%) than in others, possibly because of higher spatial resolution of the screening procedure and more frequent reporting of this type of carcinoma. Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma is no longer reported in many centers, on the basis of recent recommendations,32 and may soon be only of historical interest.

    The results of chest radiography in our study were also similar to those in the comparable subgroup of participants in the PLCO radiography group.10 In our radiography group and the PLCO radiography subgroup, 9.2% and 11.0% of participants, respectively, had positive screening results; 0.7% and 0.8% underwent biopsy; and 0.5% and 0.6% had lung cancer detected on screening; the sensitivity in the respective groups was 74% and 77%, the specificity was 91% and 90%, and the positive predictive value was 5.7% and 5.5%. These similarities suggest that more important outcomes, including mortality from lung cancer, should also be similar.

    Several limitations of our study deserve discussion. Our participants were similar to the general population of smokers in the United States except for a higher proportion of former smokers and a higher educational level, which may partly explain the lower prevalence of lung cancer in our study than in other studies. This suggests that caution should be used in generalizing other results of the initial round of screening in our study to the U.S. population of smokers. In addition, because the numbers of follow-up procedures were counted only in participants with positive screening results, they undoubtedly underestimate the frequency of diagnostic procedures performed because of a screening result (e.g., procedures performed to investigate potentially clinically significant abnormalities). Finally, because mortality was not reduced by screening with chest radiography among the PLCO participants who were comparable to our participants,10 the anticipated comparison of the results of our first round of low-dose CT screening with no screening in the ongoing NELSON trial should be of great interest.
Eίπες ότι μια μέρα θα φύγεις, μην τολμήσεις, είσαι χαζός;
όταν έχεις τέτοιους αυλικούς και τέτοια καρέκλα, τι απερισκεψία!
Ένα ξεροκόμματο κάθε πιστός να μασουλάει, "Ναι αρχηγέ" θα λέει συνεχώς
τιμωρία αμείλικτη σ' όποιον τολμά να σ΄αμφισβητεί έργα και πρόσωπα, τι ύβρης!
Ω αρχηγέ, είσαι ο μοναδικός, και τη ζωή μας χρωστάμε σε σένα οι φτωχοί!
Από μετάφραση αραβικού κειμένου

19 Ιουλίου 2013, 00:29:36
Απάντηση #3
Αποσυνδεδεμένος

Δ. Κουναλάκης

Administrator
Targeting of Low-Dose CT Screening According to the Risk of Lung-Cancer Death

Stephanie A. Kovalchik, Ph.D., Martin Tammemagi, Ph.D., Christine D. Berg, M.D., Neil E. Caporaso, M.D., Tom L. Riley, B.Sc., Mary Korch, M.Sc., Gerard A. Silvestri, M.D., Anil K. Chaturvedi, Ph.D., and Hormuzd A. Katki, Ph.D.

N Engl J Med 2013; 369:245-254July 18, 2013DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1301851

Δεν είναι ορατοί οι σύνδεσμοι (links). Εγγραφή ή Είσοδος
Eίπες ότι μια μέρα θα φύγεις, μην τολμήσεις, είσαι χαζός;
όταν έχεις τέτοιους αυλικούς και τέτοια καρέκλα, τι απερισκεψία!
Ένα ξεροκόμματο κάθε πιστός να μασουλάει, "Ναι αρχηγέ" θα λέει συνεχώς
τιμωρία αμείλικτη σ' όποιον τολμά να σ΄αμφισβητεί έργα και πρόσωπα, τι ύβρης!
Ω αρχηγέ, είσαι ο μοναδικός, και τη ζωή μας χρωστάμε σε σένα οι φτωχοί!
Από μετάφραση αραβικού κειμένου

19 Ιουλίου 2013, 02:18:58
Απάντηση #4
Αποσυνδεδεμένος

Argirios Argiriou

Moderator
Δεν είναι ορατοί οι σύνδεσμοι (links). Εγγραφή ή Είσοδος
Targeting of Low-Dose CT Screening According to the Risk of Lung-Cancer Death

Stephanie A. Kovalchik, Ph.D., Martin Tammemagi, Ph.D., Christine D. Berg, M.D., Neil E. Caporaso, M.D., Tom L. Riley, B.Sc., Mary Korch, M.Sc., Gerard A. Silvestri, M.D., Anil K. Chaturvedi, Ph.D., and Hormuzd A. Katki, Ph.D.

N Engl J Med 2013; 369:245-254July 18, 2013DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1301851

Δεν είναι ορατοί οι σύνδεσμοι (links). Εγγραφή ή Είσοδος

Παραθέτω τα συμπεράσματα του παραπάνω άρθρου:


Conclusions

Screening with low-dose CT prevented the greatest number of deaths from lung cancer among participants who were at highest risk and prevented very few deaths among those at lowest risk. These findings provide empirical support for risk-based targeting of smokers for such screening. (Funded by the National Cancer Institute.)

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Τι εννοούμε όμως στην καθημερινή μας Ιατρική πρακτική με low-dose CT; Πώς παραγγέλνουμε π.χ. ένα low-dose CT μέσω ΕΟΠΥΥ;

Before ordering a test decide what you will do if it is (1) positive, or (2) negative. If both answers are the same, don't do the test. Archie Cochrane.

19 Ιουλίου 2013, 08:10:32
Απάντηση #5
Αποσυνδεδεμένος

Δ. Κουναλάκης

Administrator
Δεν είναι ορατοί οι σύνδεσμοι (links). Εγγραφή ή Είσοδος
Δεν είναι ορατοί οι σύνδεσμοι (links). Εγγραφή ή Είσοδος
Targeting of Low-Dose CT Screening According to the Risk of Lung-Cancer Death

Stephanie A. Kovalchik, Ph.D., Martin Tammemagi, Ph.D., Christine D. Berg, M.D., Neil E. Caporaso, M.D., Tom L. Riley, B.Sc., Mary Korch, M.Sc., Gerard A. Silvestri, M.D., Anil K. Chaturvedi, Ph.D., and Hormuzd A. Katki, Ph.D.

N Engl J Med 2013; 369:245-254July 18, 2013DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1301851

Δεν είναι ορατοί οι σύνδεσμοι (links). Εγγραφή ή Είσοδος

Παραθέτω τα συμπεράσματα του παραπάνω άρθρου:


Conclusions

Screening with low-dose CT prevented the greatest number of deaths from lung cancer among participants who were at highest risk and prevented very few deaths among those at lowest risk. These findings provide empirical support for risk-based targeting of smokers for such screening. (Funded by the National Cancer Institute.)

Δεν είναι ορατοί οι σύνδεσμοι (links). Εγγραφή ή Είσοδος

Τι εννοούμε όμως στην καθημερινή μας Ιατρική πρακτική με low-dose CT; Πώς παραγγέλνουμε π.χ. ένα low-dose CT μέσω ΕΟΠΥΥ;



Δεν είναι ακόμη για την καθημερινή μας πρακτική. low-dose CT μπορούν να κάνουν πολλά μηχανήματα σήμερα αλλά δεν είναι η συνήθης αξονική θώρακα που ζητάμε.
Είναι τροφή για σκέψη. Αρχικά, για να μην νιώθουμε ότι με μια φυσιολογική ακτινογραφία θώρακα καθαρίσαμε αλλά να διατηρούμε την κλινική υποψία, και δεύτερο για να αρχίσουμε να συζητάμε το θέμα καθώς αναμένονται πολλοί καρκίνοι πνεύμονα τα άμεσα επόμενα χρόνια τόσο σε άνδρες όσο και σε γυναίκες. Χρειάζεται να υπάρχει στο μυαλό μας για να υπάρξει κάποια στιγμή και τυπικά σαν εξέταση.
Eίπες ότι μια μέρα θα φύγεις, μην τολμήσεις, είσαι χαζός;
όταν έχεις τέτοιους αυλικούς και τέτοια καρέκλα, τι απερισκεψία!
Ένα ξεροκόμματο κάθε πιστός να μασουλάει, "Ναι αρχηγέ" θα λέει συνεχώς
τιμωρία αμείλικτη σ' όποιον τολμά να σ΄αμφισβητεί έργα και πρόσωπα, τι ύβρης!
Ω αρχηγέ, είσαι ο μοναδικός, και τη ζωή μας χρωστάμε σε σένα οι φτωχοί!
Από μετάφραση αραβικού κειμένου

19 Ιουλίου 2013, 10:47:14
Απάντηση #6
Αποσυνδεδεμένος

Argirios Argiriou

Moderator
Μίλησα σήμερα (19/07/2013) με τις υπεύθυνες ακτινολόγους δύο τοπικών Διαγνωστικών Κέντρων.

Μου είπαν και οι δύο ότι οι αξονικοί τους τομογράφοι έχουν ένα πρόγραμμα ώστε να κάνουνε Low Dose CT θώρακος.

Μου είπανε επίσης ότι η Low Dose CT θώρακος δεν έχει την ίδια ευκρίνεια που έχει μια συνηθισμένη CT θώρακος, αλλά πάντως η Low Dose CT θώρακος είναι σαφώς καλύτερη από διαγνωστικής άποψης από μια απλή ακτινογραφία θώρακος.

Για να την παραγγείλω μέσω ΕΟΠΥΥ μου είπανε ότι μπορώ να παραγγείλω με τον συνηθισμένο τρόπο μια CT θώρακος και στο σχόλιο να γράψω “Παράκληση για Low Dose CT θώρακος”.

Δεν ξεχνούμε να γράψουμε το σκιαγραφικό αλλά πρώτα πολλά να υπολογίσουμε την Κάθαρση Κρεατινίνης του ασθενούς πριν αποφασίσουμε να τον στείλουμε για αξονική τομογραφία που χρειάζεται σκιαγραφικό. Τέτοιες αξονικές που χρειάζονται σκιαγραφικό είναι συνήθως οι αξονικές κοιλίας ή εγκεφάλου αλλά συνήθως δεν βάζουν σκιαγραφικό σε αξονικές θώρακα ή των άκρων του σώματος. Στις Μαγνητικές επίσης είναι σπάνιο να χρησιμοποιεί ο ακτινολόγος σκιαγραφικό.
« Τελευταία τροποποίηση: 19 Ιουλίου 2013, 13:36:52 από Argirios Argiriou »
Before ordering a test decide what you will do if it is (1) positive, or (2) negative. If both answers are the same, don't do the test. Archie Cochrane.

19 Ιουλίου 2013, 13:10:08
Απάντηση #7
Αποσυνδεδεμένος

Ορθοπαιδικός


Δεν είναι ορατοί οι σύνδεσμοι (links). Εγγραφή ή Είσοδος
Δεν ξεχνούμε να γράψουμε το σκιαγραφικό αλλά πρώτα πολλά να υπολογίσουμε την Κάθαρση Κρεατινίνης του ασθενούς πριν αποφασίσουμε να τον στείλουμε για οποιαδήποτε αξονική τομογραφία.
Όντας χειρουργός, με πιάνετε σχεδόν αδιάβαστο. Φαντάζομαι ότι εννοείτε τις αξονικές που χρειάζονται ενδοφλέβιο σκιαγραφικό, όχι τις απλές... Πάντως, απο προσωπική εμπειρία, σας λέω ότι η πλειοψηφία των συναδέρφων (χειρουργών, νευρολόγων ή και παθολόγων που έχω δεί παραπεμπτικά τους) δεν έλεγχε ταυτόχρονα την κρεατινίνη (συμπεριλαμβάνω τον εαυτό μου στα ελάχιστα που έγραψα με σκιαγραφικό)...

19 Ιουλίου 2013, 13:35:56
Απάντηση #8
Αποσυνδεδεμένος

Argirios Argiriou

Moderator
Δεν είναι ορατοί οι σύνδεσμοι (links). Εγγραφή ή Είσοδος
Δεν είναι ορατοί οι σύνδεσμοι (links). Εγγραφή ή Είσοδος
Δεν ξεχνούμε να γράψουμε το σκιαγραφικό αλλά πρώτα πολλά να υπολογίσουμε την Κάθαρση Κρεατινίνης του ασθενούς πριν αποφασίσουμε να τον στείλουμε για οποιαδήποτε αξονική τομογραφία.
Όντας χειρουργός, με πιάνετε σχεδόν αδιάβαστο. Φαντάζομαι ότι εννοείτε τις αξονικές που χρειάζονται ενδοφλέβιο σκιαγραφικό, όχι τις απλές... Πάντως, απο προσωπική εμπειρία, σας λέω ότι η πλειοψηφία των συναδέρφων (χειρουργών, νευρολόγων ή και παθολόγων που έχω δεί παραπεμπτικά τους) δεν έλεγχε ταυτόχρονα την κρεατινίνη (συμπεριλαμβάνω τον εαυτό μου στα ελάχιστα που έγραψα με σκιαγραφικό)...

Συνάδελφε τελικά μάλλον εσύ με βρήκες αδιάβαστο.

Μόλις πήρα τηλέφωνο συνάδελφο ακτινολόγο που μου είπε τα παρακάτω με τα οποία διόρθωσα και το προηγούμενο post μου:

Δεν ξεχνούμε να γράψουμε το σκιαγραφικό αλλά πρώτα πολλά να υπολογίσουμε την Κάθαρση Κρεατινίνης του ασθενούς πριν αποφασίσουμε να τον στείλουμε για αξονική τομογραφία που χρειάζεται σκιαγραφικό. Τέτοιες αξονικές που χρειάζονται σκιαγραφικό είναι συνήθως οι αξονικές κοιλίας ή εγκεφάλου αλλά συνήθως δεν βάζουν σκιαγραφικό σε αξονικές θώρακα ή των άκρων του σώματος. Στις Μαγνητικές επίσης είναι σπάνιο να χρησιμοποιεί ο ακτινολόγος σκιαγραφικό.

Before ordering a test decide what you will do if it is (1) positive, or (2) negative. If both answers are the same, don't do the test. Archie Cochrane.

19 Ιουλίου 2013, 13:54:51
Απάντηση #9
Αποσυνδεδεμένος

Δ. Κουναλάκης

Administrator
Τα άκρα του σώματος δεν θέλουν σκιαγραφικό. Η θώρακος μπορεί να χρειαστεί.
Τα σκιαγραφικά χρησιμοποιούνται εκεί που θέλεις να κάνεις διαφοροδιάγνωση χρησιμοποιώντας και την αιμάτωση των ιστών. Συνεπώς, σε μη αποτιτανομένο όζο του πνεύμονα κάνεις και σκιαγραφικό. Τώρα σε αποτιτανομένο όζο η χρήση της αξονικής είναι μάλλον περιορισμένη. Επίσης στην hi-resolution CT δεν χρησιμοποιούμε στον πνεύμονα σκιαγραφικό.

Επίσης, δυνατότητα για low dose CT profiles έχουν συνήθως τα μηχανήματα που κάνουν πολλαπλές τομές ανά δευτερόλεπτο. Τέτοια σίγουρα είναι τα μηχανήματα που μπορούν να κάνουν αξονικές στεφανιογραφίες αλλά χωρίς να αποκλείονται και άλλα. Σίγουρα, τα παραπάνω άρθρα δεν σημαίνουν ότι αύριο πάμε και ζητάμε low dose CT για να screening Πνευμονα.
« Τελευταία τροποποίηση: 19 Ιουλίου 2013, 13:57:38 από Δ. Κουναλάκης »
Eίπες ότι μια μέρα θα φύγεις, μην τολμήσεις, είσαι χαζός;
όταν έχεις τέτοιους αυλικούς και τέτοια καρέκλα, τι απερισκεψία!
Ένα ξεροκόμματο κάθε πιστός να μασουλάει, "Ναι αρχηγέ" θα λέει συνεχώς
τιμωρία αμείλικτη σ' όποιον τολμά να σ΄αμφισβητεί έργα και πρόσωπα, τι ύβρης!
Ω αρχηγέ, είσαι ο μοναδικός, και τη ζωή μας χρωστάμε σε σένα οι φτωχοί!
Από μετάφραση αραβικού κειμένου

2 Αυγούστου 2013, 14:28:33
Απάντηση #10
Αποσυνδεδεμένος

paracelsus


The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends annual screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) in persons at high risk for lung cancer based on age and smoking history. This is a Grade B recommendation. (This draft Recommendation Statement is not the final recommendation of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force).
Δεν είναι ορατοί οι σύνδεσμοι (links). Εγγραφή ή Είσοδος
« Τελευταία τροποποίηση: 2 Αυγούστου 2013, 14:31:30 από paracelsus »

11 Ιουνίου 2015, 23:09:37
Απάντηση #11
Αποσυνδεδεμένος

Argirios Argiriou

Moderator
June 9, 2015, Journal Watch.

Allan S. Brett, MD Reviewing Infante M et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015 May 15; 191:1166


In a small study from Italy, screening conferred no benefit.

The U.S. National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) was the first randomized trial to show an effect of computed tomography (CT) screening on lung cancer mortality: At 6.5 years, 1 fewer lung cancer–specific death occurred per 320 smokers screened (NEJM JW Gen Med Aug 1 2011 and N Engl J Med 2011; 365:395). Now, results of another screening study — the DANTE trial, from Italy — have been published. DANTE included about 2500 men (age range, 60–74) with smoking histories of ≥20 pack-years; all were current smokers or had quit within 10 years. Participants were randomized to five rounds of annual low-dose CT screening or to no screening.

During median follow-up of 8.4 years, 104 screened patients and 72 controls were diagnosed with lung cancer. Lung cancer–specific mortality was identical in the two groups — 5.4 deaths per 1000 person-years. During the screening phase, 37% of participants in the screening group had at least one abnormal CT scan. Additional CT scans, invasive diagnostic procedures, and surgeries were all significantly more common in the screening group than in the control group.

Comment

Although the failure of screening to yield even a trend toward lower mortality is notable in this study, its obvious limitation is its small size and low statistical power; by contrast, 53,000 people were enrolled in the NLST. However, six other European trials with similar methodologies and a total of about 37,000 participants are in progress, and researchers are planning to pool those results (J Surg Oncol 2013; 108:280).
« Τελευταία τροποποίηση: 11 Ιουνίου 2015, 23:11:21 από Argirios Argiriou »
Before ordering a test decide what you will do if it is (1) positive, or (2) negative. If both answers are the same, don't do the test. Archie Cochrane.

9 Αυγούστου 2015, 18:12:41
Απάντηση #12
Αποσυνδεδεμένος

Argirios Argiriou

Moderator
August 4, 2015

Lung Cancer Screening Could Falsely Reassure Smokers.

Thomas L. Schwenk, MD reviewing Zeliadt SB et al. JAMA Intern Med 2015 Jul 27.

Qualitative findings reveal several misperceptions about the value of screening.

Computed tomography (CT) screening for lung cancer in heavy cigarette smokers is becoming part of routine practice. Researchers explored the effect of such screening on smokers' motivation to stop smoking in this qualitative study of 37 smokers (mean age, 62; mostly white men; mean smoking history, 49 pack-years) in the Veterans Affairs health system who were about to undergo CT screening. Eight participants were interviewed (in a semistructured and validated format) both before and after screening, 22 were interviewed after they had received their screening results, and 7 were interviewed after screening but before receiving results. Eighteen of the 30 participants received some type of abnormal result.

Several themes and misperceptions were identified:

Screening became an external focus for the participants' attention, displacing attention on control of their own behavior.

Screening de-emphasized the effect of smoking on diseases other than lung cancer.

Screening often was viewed as conferring protection from developing lung cancer.

Many participants believed that negative CT scans meant that they had not suffered (and would not suffer) any damage from smoking.

Many participants believed that detection of small nodules was not worrisome and merely required follow-up.

Many participants believed that screening lowered the likelihood that cancer treatment would be required.

COMMENT

Prior studies have reported lower quit rates in smokers who were screened than in those who were not, perhaps because of some of the false reassurances and misperceptions identified in these qualitative results. Future studies should explore new approaches to counseling smokers who undergo screening, with a focus on correcting misperceptions about the value and accuracy of screening.

EDITOR DISCLOSURES AT TIME OF PUBLICATION

Disclosures for Thomas L. Schwenk, MD at time of publication
Editorial boardsUpToDate

CITATION(S):

Zeliadt SB et al. Attitudes and perceptions about smoking cessation in the context of lung cancer screening. JAMA Intern Med 2015 Jul 27; [e-pub]. (Δεν είναι ορατοί οι σύνδεσμοι (links). Εγγραφή ή Είσοδος)
- See more at: Δεν είναι ορατοί οι σύνδεσμοι (links). Εγγραφή ή Είσοδος

Δεν είναι ορατοί οι σύνδεσμοι (links). Εγγραφή ή Είσοδος
Before ordering a test decide what you will do if it is (1) positive, or (2) negative. If both answers are the same, don't do the test. Archie Cochrane.

12 Μαρτίου 2016, 22:08:36
Απάντηση #13
Αποσυνδεδεμένος

Argirios Argiriou

Moderator
March 10, 2016

A Negative Trial of Computed Tomography Screening for Lung Cancer

Allan S. Brett, MD reviewing Wille MMW et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016 Mar 1.

In a relatively small Danish study, screening did not lower lung cancer mortality.

Several European trials are being conducted to examine lung cancer screening with computed tomography (CT). In a recently published trial from Italy, CT screening did not lower lung cancer–associated mortality (NEJM JW Gen Med Jul 15 2015 and Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191:1166). Now, Danish investigators report outcomes of a study in which 4104 adults (age range, 50–70; smoking history, ≥20 pack-years) were randomized to undergo five annual rounds of low-dose CT screening or no screening.

During average follow-up of 9.5 years, twice as many lung cancers were diagnosed in screened patients as in controls (100 vs. 53). Death rates were virtually identical in the screening and control groups: 8.04% and 7.94% for overall mortality, and 1.90% and 1.85% for lung cancer–specific mortality.
( και αυτά στην Δανία, δηλαδή μια χώρα όπου οι δυνατότητες των Ογκολόγων είναι σαφώς καλύτερες από αυτές μιας χρεοκοπημένης χώρας όπως η Ελλάδα).
COMMENT

Proponents of lung cancer screening will point to limited statistical power as one shortcoming of this negative trial. Indeed, all of the European trials are smaller than the 53,000-person U.S. National Lung Screening Trial, which did show a modest but statistically significant reduction in lung cancer deaths among screened participants compared with controls (1.33% vs. 1.66% after median follow-up of 6.5 years; NEJM JW Gen Med Aug 1 2011 and N Engl J Med 2011; 365:455). Although the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force has endorsed CT lung cancer screening in older adults with long smoking histories (NEJM JW Gen Med Feb 15 2014 and Ann Intern Med 2014; 160:330), debate continues about the relative balance of benefits and harms; the latter include high false-positive rates and overdiagnosis of indolent tumors.

EDITOR DISCLOSURES AT TIME OF PUBLICATION

Disclosures for Allan S. Brett, MD at time of publication
Nothing to disclose
CITATION(S):

Wille MMW et al. Results of the randomized Danish Lung Cancer Screening Trial with focus on high-risk profiling. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016 Mar 1; 193:542. (Δεν είναι ορατοί οι σύνδεσμοι (links). Εγγραφή ή Είσοδος)

Δεν είναι ορατοί οι σύνδεσμοι (links). Εγγραφή ή Είσοδος
« Τελευταία τροποποίηση: 12 Μαρτίου 2016, 22:13:28 από Argirios Argiriou »
Before ordering a test decide what you will do if it is (1) positive, or (2) negative. If both answers are the same, don't do the test. Archie Cochrane.

12 Μαρτίου 2021, 18:03:17
Απάντηση #14
Αποσυνδεδεμένος

Argirios Argiriou

Moderator
Journal Watch.

USPSTF Expands Its Recommendation for Lung Cancer Screening with Low-Dose Computed Tomography

Thomas L. Schwenk, MD, reviewing US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2021 Mar 9 Colson YL et al. JAMA Surg 2021 Mar 9 Fukunaga MI et al. JAMA Oncol 2021 Mar 9

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force's new recommendation expands the number of patients eligible for LDCT screening by about 80%.

Δεν είναι ορατοί οι σύνδεσμοι (links). Εγγραφή ή Είσοδος
Before ordering a test decide what you will do if it is (1) positive, or (2) negative. If both answers are the same, don't do the test. Archie Cochrane.

 

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